The harm of inferior artificial turf to the environment and human body
Artificial turf is gradually replacing some natural turf due to its unique superiority. It has been widely used in pastures, parks and sports venues for children and adults to enjoy leisurely, especially in school sports venues. However, is artificial turf really good for us and not harmful? The answer is certainly no. The volatilization of toxic and harmful chemical pollutants inside the artificial turf material and the "heat island effect" have caused widespread concern for the atmospheric environment and possible human hazard factors.
First, the domestic status of campus artificial turf
At present, there are more than 20 artificial turf producers in China, the quality of artificial turf produced is uneven, the low-end products are flooding, and the domestic low-end industries are developed, but the high-end industrial blanks of core materials are prepared from scale, equipment and technology. In terms of product quality, sales ability and other indicators, there are only a handful of real strength. The high price of high-quality artificial turf has made many schools discouraged, and they have to buy low-priced and inferior products from small workshop-style manufacturers, or the successful bidders use inferior materials for turf production in order to obtain greater profits.
Second, the structure of artificial turf
The artificial turf consists of 3 layers of material. The foundation layer consists of a compacted soil layer, a gravel layer and an asphalt or concrete layer. Above the base layer is a layer of buffer, usually composed of rubber or foam. The third layer, also the surface layer, is the turf layer. According to the surface shape of the manufacture, there are pile turf, round curled nylon silk turf, leaf-shaped polypropylene fiber turf, permeable turf prepared by nylon yarn, and the like.
Third, the hazard identification of toxic and harmful chemical pollutants in the turf layer
The artificial turf is composed of a mixture of polyethylene and polypropylene and woven to simulate grass blades. This kind of "grass" is laid vertically, mostly polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride and polyamide can also be used. The leaves are green with natural grass. Plastic chemical fiber materials contain a large number of chemicals known or suspected to cause health effects. In order to improve or compensate the performance of plastic materials, manufacturers can add more new functions to the raw materials - the color of natural grass, flame retardant properties, high temperature resistance, UV absorbers, structural reinforcement and wear resistance. Sex and so on. However, it is often the additive of these varieties that, after improving and enhancing certain properties of the material, has also become a major hazard for secondary pollution of artificial turf. The main pollution factors and their hazards of recycled plastic fibers and rubber particles will be shown in the form of tables below:
Main pollution factors of plastic fiber and rubber particles
Harm to the environment and the human body
Curing agent (hexamethylenetetramine, ethylenediamine, maleic anhydride, etc.)
Hexamethylenetetramine causes mainly dermatitis and eczema. Ethylenediamine is strongly irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Contact may cause conjunctivitis, bronchitis, pneumonia or pulmonary edema, and contact dermatitis may occur, which may cause liver and kidney damage. Skin and eye may directly cause contact with liquid. It can also cause occupational asthma. Maleic anhydride dust and vapour are irritating. They can cause pharyngitis, laryngitis and bronchitis after inhalation. They may be accompanied by abdominal pain. The direct contact between the eyes and the skin has obvious irritation and causes burns. Chronic effects: chronic conjunctivitis, nasal mucosal ulcers and inflammation. It is sensitizing and can cause rash and asthma.
Plasticizer (dibutyl phthalate, etc.)
It has a stimulating effect on the skin and mucous membranes and has mild sensitization. Contact can cause multiple neuritis, spinal neuritis and cranial neuritis, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis and gastroenteritis, causing nausea, dizziness and toxic nephritis after being mistreated.
Stabilizer (lead stearate, etc.)
Lead compound health hazard: manifested as headache, insomnia, forgetfulness, excitement, etc., especially for children, it can be more serious, can cause ADHD, and seriously affect mental development, interfere with the synthesis of heme, severe anemia, loss of appetite, constipation Abdominal pain, liver enlargement, tenderness and renal hypertension. In particular, it has a great influence on the fetus, which is easy to cause miscarriage, fetal abnormalities, etc., and for men, there are sexual dysfunction, sperm reduction and other symptoms. Sodium compound health hazard: The exercise system is characterized by lower extremity muscle pain, painful compression after bone compression, and osteoporosis. Cough, difficulty breathing, causing pneumonia, pulmonary edema. Cause chronic interstitial nephritis, chronic renal failure, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysosmia, restlessness, collapse.
Flame retardants (yttria, phospholipids and bromine-containing compounds)
Constantly entering and accumulating in the human body through the food chain will lead to developmental toxic neurological effects, such as changes in spontaneous consciousness, learning ability and memory impairment, as well as affecting infant brain development and hormonal balance, when the baby is born with breast milk. The same consequences may result.
Toxic gas (HCl, etc.)
It has a strong stimulating effect on the eye and respiratory mucosa. Acute poisoning: headache, dizziness, nausea, eye pain, cough, blood in the sputum, hoarseness, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, chest pain. Severe cases of pneumonia, pulmonary edema, corneal ulcers or opacity. Direct contact with the skin can cause a large number of miliary red papules and a redness and pain. Chronic effects: Long-term exposure to higher concentrations can cause chronic bronchitis, gastrointestinal dysfunction and dental erosion.
Coloring agent (such as benzopyrene, etc.)
Strong carcinogens can cause stomach cancer, intestinal cancer, etc.
Other unknown poisons and microorganisms, germs
Fourth, the hazard identification of rubber particle filling
The artificial turf is used as a mat by adding a layer of rubber particles having a diameter of 3 mm or less made of recycled tires. Sometimes the rubber particles are mixed with silica sand as a filler. The most common synthetic rubbers are mainly composed of ethylene-propylene and styrene-butadiene, in which different amounts of vulcanizing agents, fillers, plasticizers and antioxidants are added, and different manufacturers add different formulations. These filled granules can be spread through the air, inhaled into the body, and carried into the house with clothing and sports equipment. The adult's immune system is relatively mature and immune, and these small particles are just annoying to adults and do not affect their health. The child's immune system is not yet fully mature, and the resistance is relatively weak. The pollution factors emanating from rubber particles pose a threat to children's health. See the table below for details:
Rubber particle main pollution factor
Harm to the environment and the human body
Alkane, aromatic hydrocarbon
Alkanes: Vapors have anesthetic and anthraquinone effects; aromatic hydrocarbons: carcinogenic effects.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
The main hazards to the human body are the respiratory tract and the skin. Common symptoms are solar dermatitis, acne dermatitis, folliculitis and sickle-like organisms. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons fall on the leaves of plants and block the respiratory pores of the leaves, causing them to discolor, shrink, curl, and fall off, affecting the normal growth and results of the plants.
Sulfur-containing compounds (H2S, mercaptans and SO)
H2S: entering the body through the respiratory tract, easily causing poisoning; mercaptans: mainly acting on the central nervous system, low concentration of inhalation can cause headache nausea, high concentration causes respiratory paralysis to death; SO: has strong stimulating effect on the eye and respiratory mucosa, A large amount of inhalation can cause pulmonary edema, laryngeal edema, vocal cords and suffocation.
CO
Immediately after entering the body, it binds to hemoglobin, aggravates tissue hypoxia, leads to hypoxemia, causes cerebral hypoxia and cerebral edema, and can also induce cardiovascular disease.
NO2
It mainly acts on the deep respiratory tract, bronchioles and alveoli, causing irritation and corrosive effects on lung tissue, causing pulmonary edema.
particulates
After entering the respiratory tract, it can stimulate and corrode the respiratory mucosa and lung cells, reduce the respiratory defense function, increase the incidence of respiratory tract, and even increase the mortality.
5. Identification of the damage of artificial turf to soil and plants
Artificial turf may affect the surrounding considerable ecosystem during use. After the artificial turf is exposed to the sun, rain, and wind, the harmful substances are dissolved from the plastic and rubber, and the natural precipitation of rainwater and the like penetrates into the soil, causing pollution to the soil. The pollution of the soil includes changing the physical structure and chemical properties of the soil, affecting the nutrient absorption and growth of the plant; affecting the activities of microorganisms in the soil; destroying the ecological balance inside the soil; the accumulation of harmful substances in the soil, causing the harmful substances in the soil to exceed the standard , hinder the growth of plants, and even lead to plant death in severe cases. Harmful substances are also absorbed by plants and transferred to the fruit, affecting human health and feeding animals through the food chain. In addition, 25 chemicals and 4 metals (zinc, selenium, lead and cadmium) in the rubber filler can be released into the water, and since the artificial turf cannot absorb or filter the rainwater, the chemical is not effectively filtered by the vegetation, and the harmful Substances are contaminated by surface water and groundwater with natural precipitation. The most direct pollution is that the artificial turf is a non-biodegradable material. After 8 to 10 years of aging, it will form tons of high-polymer waste. Although it can be recycled again, more artificial turf is only buried.
Sixth, the "heat island effect" of artificial turf
The flat bed structure of artificial turf is composed of rubber, concrete or asphalt. It can not basically play the role of water source, so it can not reduce the surface temperature, and its heat capacity is small, resulting in the surface temperature being significantly higher than the air temperature, especially in the closed stadium. This problem is even more serious. At noon in summer, the air near the surface of the artificial turf field can be observed to have obvious heat distortion. By comparison, it can be found that under the high temperature conditions above 30 °C, the average surface temperature of the natural turf is lower than the temperature of 2 ° C to 3 ° C, while the surface temperature of the artificial turf is higher than the temperature of 6 ° C to 11 ° C, and with the increase of temperature. The surface temperature of artificial turf rises significantly higher than that of natural turf. Using thermal infrared satellite imagery and geographic information systems, it was found that many of the hottest places in the city were artificial turf fields. This is not only harmful to people who are active on the playing field, but also exacerbates the “heat island effect†– because black artificial surfaces (such as roofs and asphalt) can absorb heat, making the city hotter than the surrounding area.
Seven, artificial turf can hide more bacteria
The ventilation of the artificial turf is poor, and the high humidity of the air can be said to be a hotbed of bacteria. The bacterial content of the artificial turf can be visually sensed by the following experimental results.
Qualification rate of bacteria in different places of artificial turf
place
Number of samples
Qualified shares
Pass rate
track
12
2
46%
Basketball court
10
3
30%
Flag station
11
7
64%
Artificial turf bacterial species composition (%)
Species
track
Basketball court
Flag station
average
Gram-positive bacteria
77.3
79.5
60.7
72.5
Bacillus
26.3
28.7
17
twenty four
Micrococcal
37.6
38.8
twenty four
33.5
Staphylococcus
19.7
16
12
15.9
Microbacterium
3.5
2.7
1.7
2.6
Gram-negative bacteria
33
35.7
29
32.6
Pseudomonas
18.8
19.7
14
17.5
Alcaligenes
9.6
8.8
7.3
Unidentified
7.9
6
8
Qualification rate of bacteria in different places of artificial turf
place
Number of samples
Qualified shares
Pass rate
track
12
2
16%
Basketball court
10
3
30%
Flag station
11
7
64%
In addition, the amount of bacteria in the filler containing the mixture of sand and rubber is 50,000 times higher than that of the simple rubber filler. These pathogenic bacteria can be brought into the air with the dust and the movement of the students, which can cause inhalation allergic mildew disease. The patient has chest tightness, cough, fever, fatigue, joint pain and so on. Especially for the physical health of physical education teachers who lead students to activities for more than 3 hours a day in artificial turf.
The volatilization of harmful substances in inferior artificial turf is polluting the atmosphere. Countries are actively looking for innovative ways. With the rise of some enterprises with intellectual property rights in China, the quality of artificial turf in China will flourish with global integration. When our days are bluer and the water is greener
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