The United States "Science" magazine recently announced the top ten scientific progress in 2010 selected by the journal, of which the first quantum machine was successfully developed and ranked first.
These 10 developments include:
1. The first quantum machine.
So far, all machines have moved in accordance with the classic mechanical laws that are not surprising in governing the movement of everyday objects. On the contrary, the new small device developed by physicists Andrew Clerand, John Martinez and others of the University of California, Santa Barbara only uses the usual dominating molecules, atoms and subatoms Only the weird rules of quantum mechanics of particle motion can be explained. This primitive quantum machine opened the way for the development of countless experimental equipment and even testing people's perception of reality. Its potential and creativity make it the first of the "Top Ten Scientific Progress of the Year".
2. Build your own genome.
Researchers at the Craig-Ventell Institute (JCVI) in Rockville, Maryland, and San Diego, California, created a synthetic genome and inserted it into a bacterium to replace the bacteria's original DNA. This new genome prompts bacteria to produce a new set of proteins.
3. Interpretation of Neanderthal genome.
The researchers published a sketch of the Neanderthal nuclear genome and the first analysis of the 3 billion DNA bases that revealed these extinct humans and human evolution. By interpreting this sequence, the researchers concluded that modern Europeans and Asians—but not Africans—had 1% to 4% inherited Neanderthal genes.
4. A new generation of genomics.
In 2010, genomics researchers tasted the results of massively parallel sequencing technology. Over the past five years, cheaper and faster "next generation" machines have gained a foothold; in 2010, they have achieved important results in several major projects.
5. Reprogrammed cells with improved efficiency.
Changing the fate of cells by adding extra copies of genes has become a practice in laboratories around the world. This technique is called cell reprogramming, and it allows scientists to call back the clock of cell development so that adult cells work like embryonic stem cells. In 2010, scientists discovered a way to make reprogramming with synthetic RNA molecules easier. Synthetic RNA is to avoid the antiviral defenses that cells usually use to attack foreign RNA. This technology is twice as fast as standard technology and 100 times more efficient than ordinary technology. And because RNA breaks down quickly, the reprogrammed cells are genetically identical to the source cells, so they may be safer for treatment.
6. Track the lost genes.
In 2010, scientists studying rare genetic diseases stumbled upon an effective strategy to find the DNA that caused the problem. By using cheap sequencing technology and a shortcut-sequencing only 1% of the genome that tells cells how to build proteins, they found ways to treat several diseases that researchers couldn't find before.
7. Quantum simulator passed the first key test.
In 2010, physicists discovered that quantum simulators can quickly solve the problems of condensed matter physics. This quantum simulator usually simulates a crystal, in which the laser spot plays the role of crystal ions and the atoms in the light spot play the role of electrons.
8. Molecular dynamics simulation.
Experts studying protein folding turned to supercomputers long ago. But these behemoths must also track protein movement long enough to simulate the complete folding process. Researchers in the United States have launched a new supercomputer equipped with a special 512-megabit chip to speed up the calculation of how nearby atoms in proteins interact with surrounding water. This gave them another speed improvement. The research team reported in 2010 that they have been able to track the movement of atoms in a small protein 100 times longer than before, long enough to see how the protein meanders through 15 folds and unfolds.
9. The rat returns.
Today, mice are kept in cages in most laboratories, but rats were the first choice in the past. The reason is that rats are more like humans than mice. In August 2010, a research team announced a good way to use the same genetic techniques as cultivating gene-knockout mice to cultivate "knockout rats." Also in 2010, several research teams reported progress: they used transposons—DNA sequences that jumped from one location in the genome to another—to generate rats with genetic mutations. Animals are very useful for developmental biology and disease research. As a result of this technique, gene knockout rats and transgenic rats may soon replace small cousins ​​in cages in laboratories around the world.
10. Prevention of HIV.
In July and November 2010, two trials of different and new strategies for HIV prevention were successful: a vaginal gel containing the anti-HIV drug Tenofovir could expose women to the risk of contracting the virus A 39% reduction. Another drug can reduce the risk of HIV infection among gay men and those who have passed through transgender surgery to "boys". This has encouraged almost all AIDS researchers.
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